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Using a Fire Extinguisher: PASS and When to Get Out

When it's safe to fight a small fire, how to use an extinguisher with PASS, what ABC means, and monthly checks, per the US Fire Administration.

3 min read · Crew role: Fixer · Shelf: Home Safety

Not legal advice. Building and fire codes vary by place; your local fire department is the authority on requirements and training.

What it's for

A fire extinguisher handles a small fire, like a pan or a wastebasket, before it grows. It's not for fighting a house fire. Ready.gov recommends at least one up-to-date extinguisher, ABC type at minimum, and that everyone at home knows where it is and how to use it.

Before you need it (practice)

  • Get training. The US Fire Administration (USFA) says use an extinguisher only if you've been trained; your local fire department can help.
  • Choose the right one. USFA says multipurpose "A-B-C" extinguishers cover most home fires. A = ordinary combustibles (wood, paper, cloth), B = flammable liquids (grease, gasoline, oil), C = electrical equipment. Look for the UL or ULC Listed label. Pick the largest one you can safely and comfortably handle.
  • Read the label numbers. On "1A:10B:C," the 1 means the equivalent of 1.25 gallons of water on Class A fires, the 10 means Class B fires up to 10 square feet, and C means it's safe on electrical fires (USFA).
  • Keep it easy to reach. USFA's checks start with easy access: nothing blocking it.
  • Walk through PASS with an unpulled extinguisher so hands know the motions.

Step by step

First, decide: fight or leave?

USFA's checklist. Use an extinguisher only if every answer is yes:

  • Have I alerted others in the building?
  • Has someone called the fire department?
  • Am I physically able? (USFA says young children and older adults should not use extinguishers.)
  • Is the fire small and contained to one object or surface, like a pan or wastebasket?
  • Am I safe from the smoke?
  • Do I have a clear escape route?

If any answer is no, or you're unsure: alert others, get out, and call 911 from a mobile or a neighbor's phone.

PASS (from USFA)

  1. Pull the pin. Hold it with the nozzle pointing away from you and release the lock.
  2. Aim low at the base of the fire.
  3. Squeeze the lever slowly and evenly.
  4. Sweep the nozzle side to side.

Keep your escape route clear (USFA's checklist). If the fire grows or you're unsure, leave.

Common mistakes

  • Aiming at the flames instead of the base.
  • Fighting a fire that's already spreading. Get out.
  • Letting the fire get between you and the door.
  • Blocking it with boxes or the vacuum (USFA: keep easy access).
  • Assuming it still works. Check it regularly.

Care & storage

USFA says check regularly for:

  • Easy access: nothing blocking it.
  • Pressure: many have a gauge showing too high or too low.
  • Working parts: no damage, dents, or rust on the can, hose, or nozzle.
  • Cleanliness: wipe off dust and grease.
  • Maker's instructions: some need shaking monthly, some need pressure testing every few years; some can be recharged, others must be replaced when low.

Per USFA, some extinguishers can be recharged and others must be replaced when the pressure is low. Follow the label after any use.

Related gear

Sources

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